PassageOne
Questions 46 to 50 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Lastyear, achildwasbornatahospitalintheUKwithherheartoutsideherbody. Fewbabiessurvivethisrarecondition, andthosewhodomustendurenumerousoperationsandarelikelytohavecomplexneeds. Whenhermotherwasinterviewed, threeweeksafterherdaughter'sbirth, shewasaskedifshewaspreparedforwhatmightbeadaunting (令人生畏的) taskcaringforher. Sheansweredwithouthesitationthat, asfarasshewasconcerned, thiswouldbea "privilege".
Rarelyhastherebeenabetterexampleofthepowerofattitude, oneofourmostpowerfulpsychologicaltools. Ourattitudesallowustoturnmistakesintoopportunities, andlossintothechancefornewbeginnings. Anattitudeisasettledwayofthinking, feelingand/orbehavingtowardsparticularobjects, people, eventsorideologies. Weuseourattitudestofilter, interpretandreacttotheworldaroundus. Youweren'tbornwithattitudes, rathertheyarealllearned, andthishappensinanumberofways.
Themostpowerfulinfluencesoccurduringearlychildhoodandincludebothwhathappenedtoyoudirectly, andwhatthosearoundyoudidandsaidinyourpresence. Asyouacquireadistinctiveidentity, yourattitudesarefurtherrefinedbythebehaviorofthosewithwhomyouidentify -- yourfamily, thoseofyourgenderandculture, andthepeopleyouadmire, eventhoughyoumaynotknowthempersonally. Friendshipsandotherimportantrelationshipsbecomeincreasinglyimportant, particularlyduringadolescence. Aboutthatsametimeandthroughoutadulthood, theinformationyoureceive, especiallywhenideasarerepeatedinassociationwithgoalsandachievementsyoufindattractive, alsorefinesyourattitudes.
Manypeopleassumethatourattitudesareinternallyconsistent, thatis, thewayyouthinkandfeelaboutsomeoneorsomethingpredictsyourbehaviortowardsthem. However, maystudieshavefoundthatfeelingsandthoughtsdon'tnecessarilypredictbehavior. Ingeneral, yourattitudeswillbeinternallyconsistentonlywhenthebehavioriseasy, andwhenthosearoundyouholdsimilarbeliefs. That'swhy, forexample, maysaytheybelieveinthebenefitsofrecyclingorexercise, butdon'tbehaveinlinewiththeirviews, becauseittakesawareness, effortandcouragetogobeyondmerelystatingthatyoubelievesomethingisagoodidea.
Oneofthemosteffectivewaystochangeanattitudeistostartbehavingasifyoualreadyfeelandthinkthewayyou'dpreferto. Takesometimetoreflectonyourattitudes, tothinkaboutwhatyoubelieveandwhy. Isthereanythingyouconsideraburdenratherthanaprivilege? Itso, startbehaving -- rightnow -- asifthelatteristhecase.
46. Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutattitude?
A) Itshapesourbeliefsandideologies.
B) Itimprovesourpsychologicalwellbeing.
C) Itdetermineshowwerespondtoourimmediateenvironment.
D) Itchangesthewaywethink, feelandinteractwithoneanother.
47. Whatcancontributetotherefinementofone'sattitude, accordingtothepassage?
A) Theiridols'behaviors.
B) Theireducationallevel.
C) Theircontactwiththeoppositegender.
D) Theirinteractionwithdifferentcultures.
48. Whatdomanystudiesfindaboutpeople'sfeelingsandthoughts?
A) Theymaynotsuggesthowapersonisgoingtobehave.
B) Theyareinawayconsistentwithaperson'smentality.
C) Theymaynotfindexpressionininterpersonalrelations.
D) Theyareinlinewithaperson'sbehaviornomatterwhat.
49. Howcomemanypeopledon'tdowhattheybelieveisgood?
A) Theycan'taffordthetime.
B) Theyhavenoideahowto.
C) Theyarehypocritical.
D) Theylackwillpower.
50. Whatisproposedasastrategytochangeattitude?
A) Changingthingsthatrequireone'simmediateattention.
B) Startingtoactinawaythatembodiesone'saspirations.
C) Adjustingone'sbehaviorgraduallyoveraperiodoftime.
D) Consideringwaysofreducingone'spsychologicalburdens.
PassageTwo
Questions 51 to 55 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Industrialfishingforkrill(磷虾) intheunspoiltwatersaroundAntarcticaisthreateningthefutureofoneoftheworld'slastgreatwildernesses, accordingtoanewreport.
ThestudybyGreenpeaceanalysedthemovementsofkrillfishingvesselsintheregionandfoundtheywereincreasinglyoperating "intheimmediatevicinityofpenguincoloniesandwhalefeedinggrounds". Italsohighlightsincidentsoffishingboatsbeinginvolvedingroundings, oilspillsandaccidents, whichposedaseriousthreattotheAntarcticecosystem.
Thereport, publishedonTuesday, comesamidgrowingconcernabouttheimpactoffishing. andclimatechangeontheAntarctic. AglobalcampaignhasbeenlaunchedtocreateanetworkofoceansanctuariestoprotecttheseasintheregionandGreenpeaceiscallingforanimmediatehalttofishinginareasbeingconsideredforsanctuarystatus.
FridaBengtssonfromGreenpeace'sProtecttheAntarcticcampaignsaid: "Ifthekrillindustrywantstoshowit'saresponsibleplayer, thenitshouldbevoluntarilygettingoutofanyareawhichisbeingproposedasanoceansanctuary, andshouldinsteadbebackingtheprotectionofthesehugetractsoftheAntarctic."
AglobalcampaignhasbeenlaunchedtoturnahugetractofAntarcticseasintooceansanctuaries, protectingwildlifeandbanningnotjustkrillfishing, butallfishing. OnewascreatedintheRossSeain 2016, anotherreserveisbeingproposedinavastareaoftheWeddellSea, andathirdsanctuaryisunderconsiderationintheareawestoftheAntarcticPeninsula -- akeykrillfishingarea.
TheCommissionfortheConservationofAntarcticMarineLivingResources (CCAMLR) managestheseasaroundAntarctica. ItwilldecideontheWeddellSeasanctuaryproposalataconferenceinAustraliainOctober, althoughadecisiononthepeninsulasanctuaryisnotexpecteduntillater.
KeithReid, asciencemanageratCCAMLR, saidthattheorganisationsought "abalancebetweenprotection, conservationandsustainablefishingintheSouthernOcean." Hesaidalthoughmorefishingwastakingplacenearerpenguincoloniesitwasoftenhappeninglaterintheseasonwhenthesecolonieswereempty.
"ThecreationofasystemofmarineprotectedareasisakeypartofongoingscientificandpolicydiscussionsinCCAMLR," headded. "Ourlong-termoperationintheregiondependsonahealthyandthrivingAntarcticmarineecosystem, whichiswhywehavealwayshadanopendialoguewiththeenvironmentalnon-governmentalorganisations. Westronglyintendtocontinuethisdialogue, includingtalkswithGreenpeace, todiscussimprovementsbasedonthelatestscientificdata. Wearenottheonestodecideontheestablishmentofmarineprotectedareas, butwehopetocontributepositivelywithourknowledgeandexperience."
51. WhatdoesGreenpeace'sstudyfindaboutkrillfishing?
A) Itcausedagreatmanypenguinsandwhalestomigrate.
B) Itwasdeprivingpenguinsandwhalesoftheirhabitats.
C) Itwascarriedouttooclosetothehabitatsofpenguinsandwhales.
D) ItposedanunprecedentedthreattothewildlifearoundAntarctica.
52. Forwhatpurposehasaglobalcampaignbeenlaunched?
A) ToreducetheimpactofclimatechangeonAntarctica.
B) ToestablishconservationareasintheAntarcticregion.
C) ToregulatekrillfishingoperationsintheAntarcticseas.
D) Topublicisetheconcernabouttheimpactofkrillfishing.
53. WhatisGreenpeace'srecommendationtothekrillindustry?
A) Optingtooperateawayfromthesuggestedconservationareas.
B) VolunteeringtoprotecttheendangeredspeciesintheAntarctic.
C) Refrainingfromkrillfishingthroughoutthebreedingseason.
D) Showingitssenseofresponsibilitybyleadingtheglobalcampaign.
54. WhatdidCCAMLRaimtodoaccordingtoitssciencemanager?
A) RaisepublicawarenessofthevulnerabilityofAntarcticspecies.
B) BanallcommercialfishingoperationsintheSouthernOcean.
C) Keepthepenguincoloniesfromallfishinginterference.
D) SustainfishingwithoutdamagingtheAntarcticecosystem.
55. HowdoesCCAMLRdefineitsroleintheconservationoftheAntarcticenvironment?
A) Acoordinatorinpolicydiscussions.
B) Anauthorityonbigdataanalysis.
C) Aprovideroftheneededexpertise.
D) Aninitiatorofmarinesanctuaries.