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4. StrivingforCarbonDioxidePeakingandCarbonNeutrality
（四）大力推进碳达峰碳中和
ToachievethegoalsofpeakingcarbonemissionsandsubsequentcarbonneutralityisoneofChina'smajorstrategies, definedaftercarefulconsideration. Thisisamust-doinordertorelievetheseriousconstraintsimposedbyresourcesandtheenvironmentonChina'seconomicgrowth, andtoachievesustainabledevelopment. Itisalsoasolemncommitmenttowardsbuildingaglobalcommunityofsharedfuture. Chinahasincorporatedthisdecisionintoitsoveralleconomicandsocialdevelopment, adoptingaholisticapproachandbalancingtherelationshipsbetweeneconomicgrowthandemissionsreduction, betweenoverallandregionalinterests, andbetweenshort, medium, andlong-termgrowth. Ledbythegreeneconomicandsocialtransition, Chinaisfocusingongreenandlow-carbondevelopmentoftheenergysector, andacceleratingtheformationofindustrialstructures, productionmodes, waysofworkandlifeandspatialconfigurationsthathelptoconserveresourcesandprotecttheenvironment. Itisfullycommittedtohigh-qualitydevelopmentthatprioritizeeco-environmentalprotectionandgreenandlow-carbonwayoflife.
实现碳达峰、碳中和是中国深思熟虑作出的重大战略决策，是着力解决资源环境约束突出问题、实现中华民族永续发展的必然选择，是构建人类命运共同体的庄严承诺。中国将碳达峰、碳中和纳入经济社会发展全局，坚持系统观念，统筹发展和减排、整体和局部、短期和中长期的关系，以经济社会发展全面绿色转型为引领，以能源绿色低碳发展为关键，加快形成节约资源和保护环境的产业结构、生产方式、生活方式、空间格局，坚定不移走生态优先、绿色低碳的高质量发展道路。
5. SynergizingtheReductionofPollutionandCarbonEmissions
（五）减污降碳协同增效
Carbondioxideandotherordinarypollutantsoftencomefromthesamesources, mainlyfromtheburningandutilizationoffossilfuels. Controllingtheuseoffossilfuelsandconsequentlyreducingcarbonemissionshavealastingimpactontheeconomicstructure, energymix, formsoftransport, modesofproduction, andwaysoflife. Itwillboosthigh-qualitydevelopmentbypressingforthegreentransitionoftheeconomy; itwillbeconducivetomitigatingclimatechangeandthedamageitcausestolife, property, society, andtheeconomy; itwillfacilitatethesourcecontrolofpollution, achievingsynergybetweenpollutionandcarbonreductionandimprovementoftheeco-environment; itwillhelpconservebiodiversityandimproveecosystems. Chinaseespollutionpreventionandcontrolasanintegralpartoftheresponsetoclimatechange. Throughstructuraladjustment, optimizedconfiguration, policysynergyandinnovativemechanisms, effortstoreducepollutionandcarbonemissionsareplannedandcarriedoutintandem, andtheperformanceassessmentofthetwoisalsoconductedjointly. Balancingenvironmental, climateandeconomicgains, Chinahasfoundauniquepathtoreducinggreenhousegasemissionsthatconformstoitsactualconditions.
二氧化碳和常规污染物的排放具有同源性，大部分来自化石能源的燃烧和利用。控制化石能源利用和碳排放对经济结构、能源结构、交通运输结构和生产生活方式都将产生深远的影响，有利于倒逼和推动经济结构绿色转型，助推高质量发展；有利于减缓气候变化带来的不利影响，减少对人民生命财产和经济社会造成的损失；有利于推动污染源头治理，实现降碳与污染物减排、改善生态环境质量协同增效；有利于促进生物多样性保护，提升生态系统服务功能。中国把握污染防治和气候治理的整体性，以结构调整、布局优化为重点，以政策协同、机制创新为手段，推动减污降碳协同增效一体谋划、一体部署、一体推进、一体考核，协同推进环境效益、气候效益、经济效益多赢，走出一条符合国情的温室气体减排道路。
II. ImplementingaNationalStrategyofActivelyRespondingtoClimateChange
二、实施积极应对气候变化国家战略
Asthelargestdevelopingcountry, withapopulationofover 1.4 billion, Chinafacesmajorchallengesacrossarangeofimportantareasincludingeconomicdevelopment, improvingthepeople'slives, pollutioncontrol, andeco-environmentalprotection. Inordertomeetitstargetsinresponsetoclimatechange, Chinahasrisentothesechallengesandformulatedandimplementedavarietyofstrategies, regulations, policies, standards, andactions.
中国是拥有14亿多人口的最大发展中国家，面临着发展经济、改善民生、污染治理、生态保护等一系列艰巨任务。尽管如此，为实现应对气候变化目标，中国迎难而上，积极制定和实施了一系列应对气候变化战略、法规、政策、标准与行动，推动中国应对气候变化实践不断取得新进步。
1. IntensifyingEffortsinResponsetoClimateChange
（一）不断提高应对气候变化力度
ItwillnotbeeasyforChinatoachieveitsnewNDCtargets; itwilltakeapproximately 30 yearsofpainstakingefforttotransitfrompeakcarbonemissionstoachievingcarbonneutralityandthelargestreductionincarbondioxideemissionsperunitofGDP (“carbonintensity”) intheworld. Walkingthetalk, Chinahasalreadybeguntoimplementpositiveandeffectivemovesinitsstrategytopeakcarbonemissionsandachievecarbonneutrality.
中国确定的国家自主贡献新目标不是轻而易举就能实现的。中国要用30年左右的时间由碳达峰实现碳中和，完成全球最高碳排放强度降幅，需要付出艰苦努力。中国言行一致，采取积极有效措施，落实好碳达峰、碳中和战略部署。
Improvingoverallplanningandcoordinationinresponsetoclimatechange. Theresponsetoclimatechangecoversawiderangeofareas; therefore, toimprovecoordinationandpoolstrengths, ChinahassetupanationalleadinggroupheadedbyPremieroftheStateCouncilandwithofficialsfrom 30 ministriesandcommissionsasmembers. Itsremitisrespondingtoclimatechange, conservingenergy, andreducingemissions, andallprovinces, autonomousregions, andmunicipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernment (PARMs) havesetupcorrespondinggroups. InApril 2018, Chinaadjustedthefunctionsofrelevantgovernmentdepartments, andputthenewlyestablishedMinistryofEcologyandEnvironmentinchargeofrespondingtoclimatechange, thusreinforcingthecoordinationbetweenrespondingtoclimatechangeandprotectingtheeco-environment. In 2021, Chinasetupaspecialleadinggrouptoguideandcoordinatetheworkrelatedtopeakingcarbonemissionsandachievingcarbonneutrality. AllPARMshaveestablishedleadinggroupsforpeakingcarbonemissionsandachievingcarbonneutrality, soastostrengthenthecoordinationoftheirefforts.
加强应对气候变化统筹协调。应对气候变化工作覆盖面广、涉及领域众多。为加强协调、形成合力，中国成立由国务院总理任组长，30个相关部委为成员的国家应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组，各省（区、市）均成立了省级应对气候变化及节能减排工作领导小组。2018年4月，中国调整相关部门职能，由新组建的生态环境部负责应对气候变化工作，强化了应对气候变化与生态环境保护的协同。2021年，为指导和统筹做好碳达峰碳中和工作，中国成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组。各省（区、市）陆续成立碳达峰碳中和工作领导小组，加强地方碳达峰碳中和工作统筹。
Incorporatingtheresponsetoclimatechangeintonationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentplans. Startingfromthe 12thFive-YearPlanperiod (2011-2015), Chinahasincorporatedreducingcarbonintensityintotheoutlineoftheplansfornationaleconomicandsocialdevelopmentasbindingtargets, anddefinedkeytasks, priorityareas, andmajorprojects. China'sOutlineofthe 14thFive-YearPlan (2021-2025) forNationalEconomicandSocialDevelopmentandtheLong-RangeObjectivesThroughtheYear 2035 setsabindingtargetofslashingcarbonintensityby 18 percentfrom 2020 to 2025. AllPARMshavetakenontheresponsetoclimatechangeasanimportantpartofthe 14thFive-YearPlan, andsetthemselvesspecifictargetsandtasks.
将应对气候变化纳入国民经济社会发展规划。自“十二五”开始，中国将单位国内生产总值（GDP）二氧化碳排放（碳排放强度）下降幅度作为约束性指标纳入国民经济和社会发展规划纲要，并明确应对气候变化的重点任务、重要领域和重大工程。中国“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标纲要将“2025年单位GDP二氧化碳排放较2020年降低18%”作为约束性指标。中国各省（区、市）均将应对气候变化作为“十四五”规划的重要内容，明确具体目标和工作任务。
Establishingamechanismofbreakingdownandmeetingthetargetsforrespondingtoclimatechange. Tomeetitstargets, Chinahassettieredprovincial-levelcarbonemissioncapsforitsPARMsbasedonfactorssuchastheirdevelopmentstage, resourceendowment, strategicpositioning, andeco-environmentalprotection. Ithasassessedtheperformanceoftherelevantgovernmentsinmeetingthetargetsandfulfillingtheresponsibilitiesforcontrollinggreenhousegasemissions, andusestheresultsasanimportantreferenceforthecomprehensiveperformanceassessmentandappraisalofofficialsholdingprincipalpostsandleadershipteamsinthePARMs, aswellasfortheappointment, reward, sanction, andremovalofofficials. PARMgovernmentshavealsoassessedtheperformanceofadministrativedivisionsatlowerlevelsinmeetingtheirtargetsandfulfillingtheirresponsibilitiesforcontrollinggreenhousegasemissions, thusensuringthattheeffortiscoordinatedandeffective.
建立应对气候变化目标分解落实机制。为确保规划目标落实，综合考虑各省（区、市）发展阶段、资源禀赋、战略定位、生态环保等因素，中国分类确定省级碳排放控制目标，并对省级政府开展控制温室气体排放目标责任进行考核，将其作为各省（区、市）主要负责人和领导班子综合考核评价、干部奖惩任免等重要依据。省级政府对下一级行政区域控制温室气体排放目标责任也开展相应考核，确保应对气候变化与温室气体减排工作落地见效。
ContinuingtoupdateNDCtargets. In 2015, Chinasetitsnationallydeterminedactionobjectivesby 2030: topeakcarbondioxideemissionsaround 2030 atthelatestandmakeeveryefforttopeakearly. Bytheendof 2019, Chinahaddeliveredonits 2020 climateactiontargetaheadofschedule. In 2020, ChinaannouncednewNDCtargetsandmeasures. Chinaaimsto: Peakcarbondioxideemissionsbefore 2030 andachievecarbonneutralitybefore 2060. Loweritscarbonintensitybyover 65 percentby 2030 fromthe 2005 level. Increasetheshareofnon-fossilfuelsinprimaryenergyconsumptiontoaround 25 percentby 2030. Increasetheforeststockvolumeby 6 billioncubicmetersby 2030 fromthe 2005 level. Bringitstotalinstalledcapacityofwindandsolarpowertoover 1.2 billionkWby 2030. Comparedwiththeobjectivessetin 2015, thenewtargetsaremoreambitiousintimeframe. Theyinvolveasteepercutincarbonintensity, anincreaseofanotherfivepercentagepointsintheshareofnon-fossilfuelsinprimaryenergyconsumption, anewtargetforinstalledcapacityofnon-fossilfuels, anadditionalforeststockof 1.5 billioncubicmeters, andaclearannouncementtoaimforcarbonneutralitybefore 2060. Chinahasannouncedin 2021 adecisiontostopbuildingnewcoal-firedpowerprojectsoverseas, demonstratingitsconcreteactionsinresponsetoclimatechange.
不断强化自主贡献目标。2015年，中国确定了到2030年的自主行动目标：二氧化碳排放2030年左右达到峰值并争取尽早达峰。截至2019年底，中国已经提前超额完成2020年气候行动目标。2020年，中国宣布国家自主贡献新目标举措：中国二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和；到2030年，中国单位GDP二氧化碳排放将比2005年下降65%以上，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重将达到25%左右，森林蓄积量将比2005年增加60亿立方米，风电、太阳能发电总装机容量将达到12亿千瓦以上。相比2015年提出的自主贡献目标，时间更紧迫，碳排放强度削减幅度更大，非化石能源占一次能源消费比重再增加五个百分点，增加非化石能源装机容量目标，森林蓄积量再增加15亿立方米，明确争取2060年前实现碳中和。2021年，中国宣布不再新建境外煤电项目，展现中国应对气候变化的实际行动。
Acceleratingworkon 1+Npoliciesforpeakingcarbonemissionsandachievingcarbonneutrality. Thecountryhasformulatedandreleasedatop-leveldesigndocumentforpeakingcarbonemissionsandachievingcarbonneutrality, andisworkingonanactionplanforpeakingcarbonemissionsbefore 2030, withimplementationplansforfieldsandsectorssuchasenergy, industry, urbanandruralconstruction, transport, andagricultureandruralareas. Supportplansarebeingcreatedinareassuchasscienceandtechnology, fiscalfunding, finance, pricing, carbonsinks, energytransitionandcoordinationofpollutionreductionandcarbonemissionreduction, withclearertimetables, roadmaps, andworkingplans. Thecountryisshapingpoliciesandactionswithclearobjectives, reasonableassignmentoflabor, effectivemeasures, andsoundcoordination, ensuringthatalleffortsdeliverpositiveresults.
加快构建碳达峰碳中和“1+N”政策体系。中国制定并发布碳达峰碳中和工作顶层设计文件，编制2030年前碳达峰行动方案，制定能源、工业、城乡建设、交通运输、农业农村等分领域分行业碳达峰实施方案，积极谋划科技、财政、金融、价格、碳汇、能源转型、减污降碳协同等保障方案，进一步明确碳达峰碳中和的时间表、路线图、施工图，加快形成目标明确、分工合理、措施有力、衔接有序的政策体系和工作格局，全面推动碳达峰碳中和各项工作取得积极成效。