母亲节将至 盘点动物世界的伟大母亲

可可听力网 2024年05月11日 09:15:34
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      11 awesomeanimalkingdommoms

      母亲节将至 盘点动物世界的伟大母亲

      1. EmperorPenguins

      帝企鹅

      BothEmperormomsanddadsputinalotofworkwhenitcomestoraisingtheiryoung: Afterlayingtheireggs, Emperormomsimmediatelyleavetheirmatestowatchtheeggsforuptonineweekssotheycanhunt; itcantakesolongthatsometimestheydon’treturnuntilafterthechickhashatched. Atthattime, theytakeoverthebrooding, whiletheirmatesgooutforfood. Eventually, bothparentswillgoouttohuntwhilethechickstaysbehindinagroupofchickscalledacrèche. Oncethechicksarefivemonthsold, they’reontheirown.

      帝企鹅的父母在抚养幼崽方面都付出了很多努力:雌企鹅产下蛋后,会立即离开伴侣去狩猎,让雄企鹅看守蛋长达九周;有时时间会拖得很长,直到雏鸟孵化后她们才回来。那时,她们会接管孵化工作,而伴侣则外出觅食。最终,双亲都会外出狩猎,而雏鸟则留在被称为“托儿所”的幼鸟群体中。一旦雏鸟长到五个月大,它们就得自己照顾自己了。

      2. Cheetahs

      猎豹

      Cheetahstypicallyhavearoundthreecubsinthewild (andsometimesasmanyaseightincaptivity), andafterthey’reborn, mommovesthemfrequentlyinanattempttokeepthemsafe. (Sadly, becauseshedoeshavetoleavetohunt, cubmortalityishigh.) Oncethecubsreacheightweeksold, they’recapableoffollowingmomthemselves, andtheymovetoanewspoteveryday. Momwillteachthemhowtohunt, andthey’llhonethoseskillsplayingwiththeirsiblings. Themothercheetahdoesn’tleavehercubsuntilthey’rearound 18 monthsold.

      猎豹在野外通常有大约三只幼崽(在圈养环境下有时多达八只),幼崽出生后,为了保护它们的安全,母猎豹会频繁地给它们挪窝。(遗憾的是,因为母猎豹不得不离开去狩猎,幼崽的死亡率很高。)一旦幼崽长到八周大,它们就能自己跟随母亲了,并且每天都会迁徙到新的地方。母亲会教小猎豹如何狩猎,而小猎豹们会在和兄弟姐妹打闹的过程中磨练这些技能。母猎豹直到幼崽大约18个月大时才会离开它们。

      3. AfricanElephants

      非洲象

      Elephantmomsarepregnantforasignificantamountoftime—22 months—andgivebirthtogiganticbabies (elephantcalvesclockinaround 200 pounds!). Andthat’sjustthebeginningofelephantparenting.

      大象妈妈怀孕的时间相当长——22个月——并且生下巨大的宝宝(小象的体重大约在200磅左右!)。此时大象妈妈的养育职责才刚刚开始。

      Babyelephantscan’tseewellatfirst, sothey’reheavilyreliantontheirmothersandstickclosetothemforthefirstfewmonthsoftheirlives. Elephantsformamatriarchalsocietywherejustabouteveryfemaletakespartinraisingthelittleones. Elephantbabiesrelyontheirmothersforsupportandnutritionforuptotwoyears, duringwhichtheyarealsotaughttoforage, collectwater, andprotectthemselves—buttheycontinuetobereliantontheirmothersforyears.

      小象一开始视力不好,所以它们非常依赖母亲,在生命的最初几个月里紧紧跟随母亲。象群是母系社会,几乎每头雌性大象都参与抚养幼崽。母亲会抚育和喂养小象长达两年,在此期间还会教小象如何觅食、吸水和保护自己——但此后多年小象仍然会继续依赖母亲。

      4. HarpSeal

      竖琴海豹

      Whenit’stimeforharpsealstogivebirth, theydosoontheice, inlargegroups. Theyfindtheirownyoungbyscent. Thefirst 12 daysofaharpsealpup’slifeisspentfeedingontheirmom’shigh-fatmilk, duringwhichtimethey’llgainaround 60 pounds. Afterthat, thepupsareontheirown; they’llstickaroundontheiceforanothersixweeksuntiltheygetsohungrytheyheadtothewatertohunt.

      当竖琴海豹准备分娩时,它们会在冰上成群结队地进行。它们通过嗅觉找到自己的幼崽。竖琴海豹幼崽生命的最初12天是靠吃母亲的高脂奶水度过的,在这段时间里,它们会增重约60磅。之后,幼崽就得自己照顾自己了;它们会在冰上再待六周,直到饿得不行再下水狩猎。

      5. Orangutan

      猩猩

      Orangutanmomsstandoutinthemotheringworldthankstotwomajorelementsoftheirparentingthatarenotduplicatedbyotherspecies. First, theyeitherbuildanewnestorheadtoanolderoneeverysinglenight. Notimpressedyet? Considerthesecondincredibletraitoforangutanmoms: Theirbabieshangoffofthemforyears. Orangutankidshavethelongestdependenceperiodofanyland-dwellinganimal, andtheywillstaywiththeirmomsforuptosevenyearsasmomteachesthemhowtofindfoodandbuildnests. Femaleswillcomebacktovisitformuchlongerthanthattolearnmotheringskillsthemselves.

      猩猩妈妈在母亲界中独树一帜,因为它们有两大育儿特点是其他物种所没有的。首先,它们每晚都要挪窝,要么盖一个新窝,要么去一个之前的老窝。不觉得稀奇?那么来看看猩猩妈妈的第二个惊人特质:它们的宝宝会挂在它们身上多年。猩猩幼崽的依赖期是陆地动物中最长的,它们会和母亲一起生活长达七年,在这期间母亲教它们如何寻找食物和建造巢穴。雌猩猩长大离家后会回娘家待更长时间,向妈妈学习做母亲的技巧。

      6. WolfSpiders

      狼蛛

      Whileotherspidersmayleavetheireggsontheirwebswhiletheygoabouttheirnormalspiderlives, wolfspiderstaketheireggsacswiththemeverywhere—andthentaketheiryoungeverywhereafterthey’vehatched. Wolfspidermomsattachtheirsacstotheirbodies, laterlettingthebabyspidersrideontheirbacksuntilthey’reofagetohopoff.

      虽然其他蜘蛛可能会将产下的卵留在网上,然后继续正常生活,但狼蛛走到哪就会把自己的卵囊带到哪,待幼蛛孵化后,带着它们到处走。狼蛛妈妈将卵囊附着在身上,幼蛛孵化后则让幼蛛骑在自己的背上,直到它们长大了自己从背上跳下来。

      7. PolarBears

      北极熊

      Aftermating, polarbearmomsneedtopackonthepounds: Iftheydon’tatleastdoubletheirbodyweight (usuallyaddinganother 400 pounds), theirbodieswillreabsorbtheirfetuses. Afterallthateating, theheftymamasthenneedtodigaden, lightlyhibernate, andgivebirth. Andwhilethatpartoftheparentingprocessmightsoundeasy, polarbearmomsarethentaskedwithtakingcareoftheirlittleonesforabouttwoyearsbeforeitallstartsagain.

      交配后,北极熊妈妈需要增加体重:如果它们不至少增加一倍的体重(通常再增加400磅),它们的身体会重新吸收它们的胎儿。在吃完一大堆食物后,这些体重增加的妈妈们接着需要挖一个洞穴,浅浅地休眠一段时间,然后分娩。尽管育儿过程的这一部分听起来很容易,但随后北极熊妈妈就要照顾小家伙大约两年,然后进行下一次交配和分娩。

      8. Octopuses

      章鱼

      Octopusesonlyreproduceonceintheirlifetimesandsomewilllayupto 200,000 eggs. Momswillthenprotecttheeggsforaslongasnecessary—scientistsevenobservedonedeep-seaoctopusprotectinghereggsforarecord-breaking 53 months. Duringthistime, themotheroctopusdoesn’teatandensurestheeggsgetaconstantsupplyofoxygenatedwater. Whentheeggshatch, shedies.

      章鱼一生中只繁殖一次,有些章鱼一次就会产下多达20万个卵。然后,母章鱼会尽可能长时间地保护这些卵——科学家们甚至观察到一只深海章鱼保护她的卵长达创纪录的53个月。在这段时间里,母章鱼不吃东西,并确保她的卵获得持续供应的含氧水。当卵孵化时,她就会死去。

      9. Koalas

      树袋熊

      Koalaschowdownonpoisonouseucalyptusleavespartlybecausetheirdigestivetractsarefilledwithspecialmicrobesthatcanprocesstheleaves—butthey’renotbornwithit. Koalasworktobuilduptheirjoeys’ tolerancebyfeedingthemtheirpoop—andnotjustanypoop, buta “specialunformedmaternalfaecescalledpap.” Thefirstscientisttoobservethebehaviorrecordedakoalababyeatinga “yellowish-greenslime” by “forcingitsnoseintothemother’scloaca [and] energeticallyeatingthesubstancefrom [her] rectum.” Theparent “appeareduncomfortable” but “remainedquiet” anddidn’tattempttostopthebaby. (Thatsaid, notallscientistsareconvincedit’stotransferbacteria; somesuggestthatit’satypeofsupplementalproteinforaweaningjoey.)

      树袋熊能吃有毒的桉树叶,一部分是因为它们的消化道里充满了可以分解桉树叶的特殊微生物,不过这些微生物不是与生俱来的。树袋熊通过给幼崽喂食自己的粪便来建立幼崽对桉树叶的耐受性。这不是普通的粪便,而是一种“特殊的未成型的半流质母体粪便”。第一位观察到这种行为的科学家记录了一只树袋熊幼崽通过“把它的鼻子塞进母亲的泄殖腔并精力充沛地从(她的)直肠”吃这种“黄绿色粘液”。树袋熊妈妈“看起来不舒服”,但仍“保持安静”,没有试图阻止幼崽。(话虽如此,并非所有科学家都认为这一行为是为了传递细菌免疫力;一些人认为这是给断奶期的幼崽补充蛋白质的一种方式。)

      Asifthatwasn’talreadysomeall-timemommaterial, koalasarealsomarsupials, meaningjoeyshavetofinishdevelopmentintheirmoms'pouches (beforeit’stimetogetdowntothepoop-eating).

      树袋熊妈妈的伟大之处还在于,她也是有袋动物,这意味着幼崽必须在母亲的育儿袋里完成发育(在开始吃粪便之前)。

      10. Alligators

      短吻鳄

      Alligatorsmaynotlookverycuddly, buttheymakeexcellentmothers. Agatormomkicksthingsintohighgearbybuildinganestmadeoutofrottingvegetationthatself-heats.

      短吻鳄看起来也许不是很可爱,但它们是出色的母亲。鳄鱼妈妈会用腐烂的植被建造一个可以自发热的巢穴,为孵化做好充分准备。

      Internaltemperatureoftendeterminesthesexofthegatorbabies, sothenestshavetobemadewithclimatecontrol. Neststhatheatuptobetween 90 and 93 degreesFahrenheitusuallyspawnboygators, whilemuchoutsidethatrangetendstowardsgirls (thoughhighertemperaturestendtobelethal). Afterthekidshatch, gatormomswillgentlycarrytheiryoungintheirgiantmouths, takingthemtothewatertolearnallthenecessarygatorstufftheyhavetoknow, withlessonsoftenstretchingoutforawholeyear.

      巢穴的内部温度通常会决定鳄鱼宝宝的性别,所以巢穴必须控制好温度。温度在90到93华氏度之间的巢穴通常会产生雄性鳄鱼,而远远超出这个温度范围之外的则多产生雌性鳄鱼(尽管更高的温度往往是致命的)。幼崽孵化后,鳄鱼妈妈会用它们巨大的嘴巴温柔地衔着它们,带它们到水里学习所有必要的鳄鱼知识,课程通常持续一整年。

      11. GreatHornbills

      大犀鸟

      Koalasaren’ttheonlyanimalmomsthatrelyonpoopforparenting—greathornbillsalsouseit, butforadifferentreason. Hornbillslaytheireggsinhollowed-outtrees, withmamahornbillsstayingbehindtoprotecttheeggswhilepapahornbillsgooutforfood. Wheredoesthepoopcomeintoplay? Thehornbillsuseittosealupholesintheirhollowed-outhomes, theverysameplaceswherethemotherhornbillsspendtheirdays.

      树袋熊不是唯一靠粪便来育儿的动物妈妈——大犀鸟也用粪便,但原因不同。犀鸟在空心树干中产卵,母犀鸟留下来保护卵,而公犀鸟则外出觅食。粪便在哪里发挥作用呢?犀鸟会用粪便来封闭它们空心树窝的洞口,母犀鸟就在粪便下度日。

      英文来源:MentalFloss

      翻译&编辑:丹妮

      审校:董静、齐磊

      本文转载自中国日报网,如有侵权,请联系我们删除。