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主语是谓语的陈述对象,如“我写字”中的“我”就是主语,它做出“写”这个动作,“写”则是谓语,用来陈述主语的动作,而“字”是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,它因此被称为宾语,有的语法书也称它为“客体”或“受体”。
- 主语
- subject
- 实 质
- 执行句子的对象
- 内 容
- 句子陈述的对象
- 适 用
- 汉语主语、英语主语
目录
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1.冰雪融化了,草儿绿了,春天来了。 (冰雪、草儿、春天,名词作主语)
- 2.
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3.他们终于登上了山峰。 (他们,代词作主语)
- 4.
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
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8.人多了很危险。 (人多了,主谓短语做主语)
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9.优美的音乐令人陶醉。 (音乐,作主语)
- 1.
- 2.
- 3.
棕您探体驼汉语的主语和印欧语有很大不同。因为汉语缺乏形式标记,所以不同词性的词与句子成分之淋白乎间的对应关系错综复杂。这类问题历来有争议,可以理解为词的兼类,也可以理解为词和句子成分对应关店钻臭翻系问题抹请海。
坑欠弃例如:
逃避不拘永能解决问题。(逃避是动词)
坚强是一种宝贵的品质。(牛举体坚强是形容词)
直到河里的鱼死了,村民们才意识到污染的严重性
倒装:Not until the fish in the river died did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
强调:It was not until the fish died in the river that the villagers realized how serious the pollution was.
at midnight /in the(泛指)middle of the night
例:It is 9 o'clock when I went home.
我回家的时候已经九点了
一般句:It was nine when I got home.
强调句:It was at nine that I got home.
原形:I got home at nine.
注意:作主语在句首/it作主语构成(常用 v-ing,不常用只有 use,good)
(1)It is +adj. +of sb.(人的属性)/for sb.(物的属性)to do
例:It is necessary to finish the design before National day. Tomorrow is National day.
有必要在国庆节之前完成设计。明天是国庆日
(2)it is +n.+for/of sb. to do
例:It is not good manners for Arabs to stand close talking to their friends.
对阿拉伯人来说,和他们的朋友说话离得近不是一个好习惯
It is a great honor for us to be invited to the party.
被邀请参加聚会是我们极大的荣幸
一般 / 完成时
v-ing: 主动/doing/having done
not doing:被动/being done/having been done
He still remembers being prized.
Smoking is habit difficult to break:抽烟的习惯很难打破的
Seeing is believing:眼见为实
The old man's taking pity on the snake leads to his death.那个老人怜悯那条蛇,导致他的死亡。
4.“it” 作形式主语:当表语为 no use,no good,no harm,any good,fun等名词或useless,nice,good,interesting,worthwhile等形容词时,句首常用it作形式主语,动名词后置。句型常用于说明“某种活动或某件事情如何”
To +动词原形
Not to do 解释:具有动词的性质,作宾语,状语/具有名词的性质,作主语/具有形容词性质,作定语/具有副词的性质,作状语。除谓语不可作之外,其他都可。
to be doing :表示与谓语动词同时发生
to have done:发生在谓语动词之前 Someone was considered to have done something.
to have been doing :动作从过去开始一直持续到谓语动词这个动作的发生
不定式表示一种确定的动作
名词化的形容词:the poor /the sick
副词----不定式或动名词
What an excitement to find a shark when you’re swimming in the sea.
a. It +v+ that从句
c. It is strange that he didn't come here yesterday:奇怪的是,昨天他没来这里
当形容词为important necessary strange /that should +动词原形
It is strange that he should (表示吃惊)pass the exam:奇怪的是,他可以通过考试
【2】It is +n +that 从句
What a pity it is that you didn't come to this party:真遗憾你没来这个聚会
当名词为a pity/a shame /a surprise +should +v原形(表示竟然)
What a pity that she should be fail in exam:真遗憾,她竟然考试不及格
It is reported that a car accident happened there:据报道,发生一场车祸
从句s +be v-ed + inf.
有人建议suggest/order/request + 从句 should +动词原形
It seems that it will rain:看来要下雨
It occurs to sb. that从句:表示“某人发生了…”
〔2〕 为强调从句意义,that从句常放在句首
例:That he will come here is of great help:他来这儿是很有帮助的
--What made his father so angry? :什么使他父亲很生气?
--That he failed the exam. 或He fails the exam:他考试不及格
c.在问句中必须有形式主语
It is true that Bush will visit China again?
Whether /if是否不担当句子成分,也不省略
A.句首只用whether
Whether he will come to the meeting is unknown yet.
It is of no/little important whether/if it will rain today.
It doesn't matter whether it is new/it will rain tomorrow.
【3】 连接代词 who /whom/whose/what/which/担当从句成分,有意义,不省略
A. what +sb. + clause
What we will do next is not decided.
What color you like is none of my business.
C. what ……人,……事,……物
What he said at the meeting surprised everyone present.
That he said it at the meeting surprised everyone present.
What 与which 的区别
Which/what you want---若给定范围用which,没有用what。
What I need most is that someone helps me.
What we need is time.
What you said yesterday is right.
但也有例外,如What we need are good doctors.
注意:当what引导的名词性从句作主语时,主谓一致问题极为复杂。著名学者周海中教授在论文《关于what-分句作主语的主谓一致问题》中就这一问题做了深入研究,并给出了10种的主谓一致关系。这些一致关系值得英语学习者和使用者特别注意。
There be +what clause
There was we call People's Republic of China in Chinese history.
What +比较级what more /what worse
Which +n (single)
Whose +n(只用此)
Whose father is a doctor is no sense.
How the accident happened puzzled everyone.句尾用形式主语it
【5】 引导主语从句
whoever/whosever/whatever/whichever/Anywhere/anything that /everyone that/whoever=anyone whom/anything that (泛指)/anything what (特指)
Whoever 指人从意义判断
Who 引导指事
Since the introduction of reform, China has made earth shaking changes.自从改革以来,中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。
Das Auto ist repariert. (名词)
汽车修好了。
Er ist ein Lehrer. (代词)
他是教师。
这个仪器的开和关是自动的。
Das Alte ist noch sehr gesund. (形容词)
这位老人还很健康。
旅途上的人已在几小时前就累了。
Heute ist vieles anderes als frueher. (副词)
现在跟以前已有很多的不同。
千是个四位的数字。
工作时间不准喝酒。
跟你一起工作没一点儿意思。
赢得竞赛并不简单。
我女友的到来,令我非常高兴。
我们不在这儿停留多长。