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ThisisScientificAmerican — 60-SecondScience. I'mChristopherIntagliata.
(Armstrong: Houston, TranquilityBasehere. TheEaglehaslanded. MissionControl: Roger, Tranquility. Wecopyyouontheground. Yougotabunchofguysabouttoturnblue. We'rebreathingagain. Thanksalot.)
FiftyyearsagothisJuly, whenApollo 11 madeitshistoriclandingonthemoon, Houstonheardthenewsalmostinstantaneously, withinasecondorso. Thatwon'tbethecaseforhumanastronautsexploringMars, wheretheone-waydelayincommunicationscouldbeanywherefromfourto 24 minutes. Whichwillmakeitnearlyimpossibletocarryonanormalconversation. TheresultisthatMartianastronautswillneedtooperatewithadegreeofautonomyspacetravelershaveneverhad.
LeslieDeChurch, aprofessorofcommunicationandpsychologyatNorthwesternUniversity, hasstudiedthepsychologyandcollectiveintelligenceofsimulatedastronautteamshereonEarth.
"Notonlydidtheyliveinisolationandconfinementinananalogue, buttheyspentapproximately 30 percentoftheirtimeexperiencingextremecommunicationdelay. Meaningbetween 30 secondsandfiveminutesonewaywasthefastesttheycouldhaveanycommunicationgobeyondjusttheotherthreecrewmembersthatwereinsidetheirhabitat."
ShespokeFebruary 17thatasessioncalled "BuildingaWinningTeamforMissionstoMars," atameetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinWashington, D.C.
"Thenineteamswestudiedallshowedimprovementonwhatwewouldcallbehavioraldimensionsofcollectiveperformance. Thatistheirabilitytotime, coordinate, andsequencepsychomotoractivitiesimproved."
"Butlet'stalkaboutthebadnews. Astheteamsremainedinisolationandconfinementforlongerperiodsoftime, theirperformanceonwhatwecallconceptualdomainsofperformance, theirabilitytothinktogether, tocombineexpertise, tosolveproblemscreatively, declinedwithincreasingtimeinisolation. Importantly, thisisexactlywhatautonomyisgoingtonecessitateofthesefuturebravespaceexplorerteams. Theywillbetheoneswhowillhavetoautonomouslycarryoutcreativethinking, problemsolvinganddecisionmaking, withminimalassistanceoratbestremoteassistancefromteamsbackonEarth."
Thehopeis, bystudyingthesesimulationsonEarth, we'llhaveabetterideawhichastronautteamstrulyhave "therightstuff" foraneweraofspaceexploration.
ThanksforlisteningforScientificAmerican — 60-SecondScience. I'mChristopherIntagliata.