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Inthe19thcentury, thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson. Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou. Yourjob, ascaptainofyoursoul, istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck. Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness, lust, greed, druguseandtheothersins.
Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion. Youusuallycan'tchangeyourbehaviourbysimplyresolvingtodosomething. Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit. Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence. It'smorelikeamuscle, whichtireseasily. Moreover, you'reasocialbeing. Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating, you'llprobablydoso, too.
The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill. Today, weknowthatfreewillisbounded. Peoplecanchangetheirlives, butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings, evenwithinourselves, arebeyondourdirectcontrol.
Muchofourbehaviour, forexample, isguidedbyunconscioushabits. ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40 percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit, notactualdecisions. Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue, routine, reward.
Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits. Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight, that'llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning. Don'ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving. Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack, insertanotherroutine. Takeawalk.
Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel, whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneural(神经系统的)networksinside.
Tobeaneffectiveperson, underthismodel, youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits, andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare. Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines. Everyrelationshipbecomesslightlymanipulative, includingyourrelationshipwithyourself. You'retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.
Thisisabitdisturbing, becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine, norcantheybereversedbyclevercues. Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings, liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.
Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway, thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener, you'reprobablywrong. AstheVictoriansunderstood, ifyouwanttochangeyourlife, don'tjustlookforaclevercue. Committosomelargerglobalbelief.
96. Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?
A. Passion.
B. Action.
C. Capability.
D. Determination.
97. The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause
A. thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone'scontrol.
B. ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime.
C. thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless.
D. whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully.
98. WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?
A. Habitiskeytoone'sbehaviour.
B. One'sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.
C. Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.
D. Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.
99. Accordingtothenewcharactermodel, personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough
A. cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits.
B. cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses.
C. techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues.
D. techniquestosupplementoldroutines.
100. Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel
A. stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange.
B. canbringaboutchangesinone'slifelikewhatadvertisersdo.
C. hasbeenusedtochangebehavioursuccessfully.
D. dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour.
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