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2. StayingCommittedtoaGreenandLow-CarbonPathtoDevelopment
（二）坚定走绿色低碳发展道路
Chinahasbeenactivelyrespondingtoclimatechangeinaresponsiblemanner. Consideringthistobeamajoropportunitytotransformitsgrowthmodel, Chinaisactivelyexploringagreenandlow-carbonpathtodevelopment, onethatremainswithinthelimitsofresources, energy, andtheenvironment, andisprotectiveofourplanet.
中国一直本着负责任的态度积极应对气候变化，将应对气候变化作为实现发展方式转变的重大机遇，积极探索符合中国国情的绿色低碳发展道路。走绿色低碳发展的道路，既不会超出资源、能源、环境的极限，又有利于实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，把地球家园呵护好。
Makingcoordinatedeffortstoreducepollutionandcarbonemissions. ItisessentialforChinatocoordinateitseffortstopursueall-roundandgreenereconomicandsocialdevelopmentinthenewdevelopmentstage. ThecountryamendedtheLawonthePreventionandControlofAtmosphericPollutionin 2015 andaddedspecificprovisions, providingalegalbasisforthecoordinatedcontrolofatmosphericpollutantsandgreenhousegasesandreductionofpollutionandcarbonemissions. Tofurthercoordinatethefunctions, initiatives, andmechanismsforrespondingtoclimatechangeandprotectingtheeco-environment, Chinahasdefinedmajorareasandkeytaskscoveringstrategicplanning, policiesandregulations, institutions, pilotsanddemonstrations, andinternationalcooperation. Chinahasinvestedamajoreffortinsevenlandmarkcampaignstokeeptheskiesblue, controlpollutioncausedbydieseltrucks, protectandrestoretheYangtzeRiverecosystem, improvethewaterenvironmentoftheBohaiSearegion, improveblackandfetidwaterbodiesincities, protectwatersources, andcontrolpollutioninagricultureandruralareas. Withactionplansandconcretetargetsandmeasures, thesecampaignsservetodrivetheoverallprogressandbringnotableimprovementstotheeco-environment.
实施减污降碳协同治理。实现减污降碳协同增效是中国新发展阶段经济社会发展全面绿色转型的必然选择。中国2015年修订的大气污染防治法专门增加条款，为实施大气污染物和温室气体协同控制和开展减污降碳协同增效工作提供法治基础。为加快推进应对气候变化与生态环境保护相关职能协同、工作协同和机制协同，中国从战略规划、政策法规、制度体系、试点示范、国际合作等方面，明确统筹和加强应对气候变化与生态环境保护的主要领域和重点任务。中国围绕打好污染防治攻坚战，重点把蓝天保卫战、柴油货车治理、长江保护修复、渤海综合治理、城市黑臭水体治理、水源地保护、农业农村污染治理七场标志性重大战役作为突破口和“牛鼻子”，制定作战计划和方案，细化目标任务、重点举措和保障条件，以重点突破带动整体推进，推动生态环境质量明显改善。
Creatingaspatialconfigurationforgreendevelopment. Sinceterritorialspaceiswherewepursueeco-environmentalprogress, wemustcreatetimeandroomfornaturalecosystemstorehabilitatethemselves. Chinahascreatedorderlyandscience-basedstrategiesforagricultural, ecological, urban, andotherareas. Ithaspilotedthepolicyofdesignatingpermanentbasiccroplandareas, drawingredlinesforprotectingecosystems, anddelineatingboundariesforurbandevelopment. Ithasdrawnredlinesforidentifiedprotectedareas (PAs), areasthatareecologicallyvitalandvulnerablebutnotincludedinPAs, andareaswithimportantpotentialecologicalvalue, thusincreasingtheircarbonsequestrationcapacity.
加快形成绿色发展的空间格局。国土是生态文明建设的空间载体，必须尊重自然，给自然生态留下休养生息的时间和空间。中国主动作为，精准施策，科学有序统筹布局农业、生态、城镇等功能空间，开展永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界“三条控制线”划定试点工作。将自然保护地、未纳入自然保护地但生态功能极重要生态极脆弱的区域，以及具有潜在重要生态价值的区域划入生态保护红线，推动生态系统休养生息，提高固碳能力。
Developinggreenandlow-carbonindustries. Thebasicsolutionstoresource, environmental, andecologicalproblemsaretoestablishandimproveaneconomicsystemfeaturinggreen, low-carbon, andcirculardevelopment, andtopursuegreenereconomicandsocialdevelopmentinallrespects. Toshapegreendevelopmentmodelsandgreenwaysoflife, Chinahasformulatedaplanfornationalstrategicemergingindustrieswiththeaimto: Guidegreenconsumption, promotegreenproductsandincreasetheproportionofnew-energyvehiclesandnewenergyuse, withanemphasisoninnovationandtheapplicationofgreenandlow-carbontechnologies.
Promoteindustrysystemsforefficientenergyconservation, state-of-the-artenvironmentalprotection, andresourcerecycling, boostingthegrowthofthenew-energyvehicleindustry, newenergyindustriesandenergy-savingandenvironmentalprotectionindustries.
Developaunifiedcertificationandlabelingsystemforgreenproductsandfosteragreenmarketbyincreasingthesupplyofgreenproducts. Ithasalsopressedaheadwithindustrialrestructuringthroughthefollowingmeasures: Issuingandcontinuouslyupdatingthecatalogforguidingindustryrestructuringtosteernon-governmentalinvestment. Transformingandupgradingtraditionalindustries. Boostinghigh-qualitydevelopmentofmanufacturing. Cultivatinganddevelopingemergingindustries. Providinggreatersupporttogreenandlow-carbonindustriessuchasenergyconservation, environmentalprotection, cleanproduction, andcleanenergy.
大力发展绿色低碳产业。建立健全绿色低碳循环发展经济体系，促进经济社会发展全面绿色转型，是解决资源环境生态问题的基础之策。为推动形成绿色发展方式和生活方式，中国制定国家战略性新兴产业发展规划，以绿色低碳技术创新和应用为重点，引导绿色消费，推广绿色产品，提升新能源汽车和新能源的应用比例，全面推进高效节能、先进环保和资源循环利用产业体系建设，推动新能源汽车、新能源和节能环保产业快速壮大，积极推进统一的绿色产品认证与标识体系建设，增加绿色产品供给，积极培育绿色市场。持续推进产业结构调整，发布并持续修订产业指导目录，引导社会投资方向，改造提升传统产业，推动制造业高质量发展，大力培育发展新兴产业，更有力支持节能环保、清洁生产、清洁能源等绿色低碳产业发展。
Resolutelycurbingthehaphazarddevelopmentofenergy-intensiveandhigh-emissionprojects. Chinahasstrictlycontrolledthehaphazardexpansionofenergy-intensiveandhigh-emissionprojects, shuttingdownoutdatedproductionfacilitiesinaccordancewithlawsandregulations, andscalingdownovercapacityatafasterpace. Toachievethis, ithas.Implementedstrictmarketaccessstandardsfor 13 industriesincludingiron & steel, ferroalloy, andcoking, tighteningrequirementsonland, environmentalprotection, energyconservation, technology, andsafety. Putinplacethenationalpolicyondifferentialelectricityprices, raisingstandardsforthedifferentialelectricitypricesforenergy-intensiveproductsandexpandingthescopeofdifferentialelectricityprices. Released, 12 times, listsofenterprisesinkeyindustrialfieldsthatwererequiredtoshutdownoutdatedproductionfacilities, andconductedannualsupervisionandinspectionfrom 2018 to 2020 toensuretheeliminationofoutdatedproductionfacilitiesinaccordancewithlawsandregulations.Madetheexpansioncontrolatoppriorityintheefforttopeakcarbonemissionsandachievecarbonneutrality. Itrequiredlocalgovernmentstoclearlyidentifyallenergy-intensiveandhigh-emissionprojects, producecategory-basedmanagementproposals, carryoutspecialinspections, strictlypunishanysuchprojectsconstructedoroperatedincontraventionofregulations, andimplementlistmanagement, category-basedhandling, anddynamicmonitoringofenergy-intensiveandhigh-emissionprojects. Ithasestablishedworkingmechanismsonopenlycriticizingentitiesforwrong-doing, earlywarningsonenergyuse, regulatorytalks, andaccountability, graduallyformingsoundworkingandregulatorysystems.
坚决遏制高耗能高排放项目盲目发展。中国持续严格控制高耗能、高排放（以下简称“两高”）项目盲目扩张，依法依规淘汰落后产能，加快化解过剩产能。严格执行钢铁、铁合金、焦化等13个行业准入条件，提高在土地、环保、节能、技术、安全等方面的准入标准，落实国家差别电价政策，提高高耗能产品差别电价标准，扩大差别电价实施范围。公布12批重点工业行业淘汰落后产能企业名单，2018年至2020年连续开展淘汰落后产能督查检查，持续推动落后产能依法依规退出。中国把坚决遏制“两高”项目盲目发展作为抓好碳达峰碳中和工作的当务之急和重中之重，组织各地区全面梳理摸排“两高”项目，分类提出处置意见，开展“两高”项目专项检查，严肃查处违规建设运行的“两高”项目，对“两高”项目实行清单管理、分类处置、动态监控。建立通报批评、用能预警、约谈问责等工作机制，逐步形成一套完善的制度体系和监管体系。
Improvingandadjustingtheenergymix. Theenergysectorisamajorsourceofgreenhousegasemissions. Chinahascontinuouslyintensifieditseffortsinenergyconservationandemissionsreductionandacceleratedenergymixreadjustmenttobuildaclean, low-carbon, safe, andefficientenergysystem. Toachievethis, ithas: Definedanewstrategyforenergysecuritythatpromotesagreenrevolutioninenergyconsumption, supply, technology, andsystems, strengthensinternationalcooperationinanall-roundway, prioritizesthedevelopmentofnon-fossilfuels, promotesthegreendevelopmentofhydropower, makescomprehensiveandcoordinatedprogressinwindandsolarpowerdevelopment, pursuestheorderlydevelopmentofnuclearpowerunderthepreconditionofguaranteedsafety, developsbiomassenergy, geothermalenergy, andmarineenergybasedonlocalconditions, comprehensivelyincreasingtherateofrenewableenergyuse. Driventhesupply-sidestructuralreformofcoalbycuttingovercapacityincoal, strengtheningsafe, intelligent, green, andefficientexploitationandcleanandefficientuseofcoal, promotingclean, efficient, andhigh-qualitydevelopmentofcoal-firedpowerindustries, reducingtheconsumptionofcoalandreplacingitwithotherfuels, takingcomprehensivemeasurestomanagetheuseofcoalinnon-industrialsectors, andpromotingthesubstitutionofcoalandpetroleumbyelectricityasend-useenergy. Expandedreformoftheenergysystem, promotingefficientallocationofenergyandresources.
优化调整能源结构。能源领域是温室气体排放的主要来源，中国不断加大节能减排力度，加快能源结构调整，构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系。确立能源安全新战略，推动能源消费革命、供给革命、技术革命、体制革命，全方位加强国际合作，优先发展非化石能源，推进水电绿色发展，全面协调推进风电和太阳能发电开发，在确保安全的前提下有序发展核电，因地制宜发展生物质能、地热能和海洋能，全面提升可再生能源利用率。积极推动煤炭供给侧结构性改革，化解煤炭过剩产能，加强煤炭安全智能绿色开发和清洁高效开发利用，推动煤电行业清洁高效高质量发展，大力推动煤炭消费减量替代和散煤综合治理，推进终端用能领域以电代煤、以电代油。深化能源体制改革，促进能源资源高效配置。
Reinforcingeffortsinenergyconservationandgreaterenergyefficiency. Tofurtherguaranteethefulfillmentofresponsibilitiesinmeetingenergyconservationandenergyefficiencyenhancementtargets, Chinahas: Implementedasystemforcontrollingenergyintensityandenergyconsumption, andsettargetsforbothattheprovinciallevelwithsupervisionandperformanceevaluation. Incorporatedenergyconservationindexesintotheindexsystemforevaluatingtheperformanceinenvironmentalprogressandgreendevelopmenttofacilitatethetransformationindevelopmentphilosophy. Strengthenedenergyconservationmanagementofmajorenergy-usingentities, organizedtheimplementationofkeyenergyconservationprojects, andpopularizedadvancedenergyconservationtechnologiesbyreleasing 260 keyenergyconservationtechnologiesin 13 industries, includingcoal, electricity, iron & steel, nonferrousmetals, petrochemicals, chemicals, andbuildingmaterials. Establisheda "Frontrunner” systemforenergyefficiency, andimprovedtheenergyefficiencylabelingsystembyissuing 15 batchesofcatalogsforproductswithenergyefficiencylabelsandrelatedimplementationrules. ImplementedEnergyPerformanceContractingandstrengthenedregulationsandstandardsonenergyconservation. Ithasissuedandimplementedover 340 nationalstandardsonenergyconservationandpromotedthecertificationofenergy-savingproductsaccordingly. Todate, almost 50,000 energy-savingproductcertificateshavebeenissued, thusboostingtheenergyconservationindustry. Requiredpublicinstitutionstoplayanexemplaryroleinenergyconservationandenergyefficiencyenhancement. Approximately 35 percentofPartyandgovernmentofficesatandabovecountylevel, andallcentralCPCandgovernmentdepartmentshaveshiftedontoanenergy-savingtrajectory. Inall, 5,114 publicinstitutionshavebecomedemonstrativeunitsforenergyconservation. Strengthenedenergyconservationintheindustrialsectorbycarryingoutspecialnationalinspectionsonenergyconservationalongsidecampaignsonenergy-savingdiagnosis, onincreasingtheenergyefficiencyofgeneralequipment, andonpromotingenergyconservationandestablishingstandardsforgreendevelopment. Strengtheneddemand-sidemanagementbysettingupdemonstrativeenterprises/industrialparksandselectingreferenceproducts/technologiesinthedemand-sidemanagementofelectricityinindustrialfields, whichwouldhaveachievedthevisualized, automated, andintelligentmanagementofelectricityconsumption.
强化能源节约与能效提升。为进一步强化节约能源和提升能效目标责任落实，中国实施能源消费强度和总量双控制度，设定省级能源消费强度和总量控制目标并进行监督考核。把节能指标纳入生态文明、绿色发展等绩效评价指标体系，引导转变发展理念。强化重点用能单位节能管理，组织实施节能重点工程，加强先进节能技术推广，发布煤炭、电力、钢铁、有色、石化、化工、建材等13个行业共260项重点节能技术。建立能效“领跑者”制度，健全能效标识制度，发布15批实行能源效率标识的产品目录及相关实施细则。加快推行合同能源管理，强化节能法规标准约束，发布实施340多项国家节能标准，积极推动节能产品认证，已颁发节能产品认证证书近5万张，助力节能行业发展。加强公共机构节能增效示范引领，35%左右的县级及以上党政机关建成节约型机关，中央国家机关本级全部建成节约型机关，累计创建5114家节约型公共机构示范单位。加强工业领域节能，实施国家工业专项节能监察、工业节能诊断行动、通用设备能效提升行动及工业节能与绿色标准化行动等。加强需求侧管理，大力开展工业领域电力需求侧管理示范企业（园区）创建及参考产品（技术）遴选工作，实现用电管理可视化、自动化、智能化。
Pushingfortheeconomicalandintensiveuseofnaturalresources. Tofurtherecologicalprogress, Chinahasdesignatedconservingresourcesandprotectingtheenvironmentasafundamentalnationalpolicy. Toachievetheeconomicalandintensiveuseofnaturalresources, ithas: PursuedfundamentalchangesinthewayofusingresourcesandpressuredallPARMstoputtheirexistingresourcestogoodusebyimprovingthemechanismforcoordinatingtheconsumptionofexistingresourcesandthearrangementsforadditionalresources, andbyreformingthewayofmanaginglanduseplans. Imposedstrictcontrolsonlandusethroughstandards, havingorganizedtheformulationandrevisionoflandusestandardsforhighways, industries, photovoltaic (PV) projects, andairportsandstrictlyreviewedthelanduseofconstructionprojectsinaccordancewiththestandards. Carriedoutassessmentandevaluationoneconomicalandintensivelanduseandworkedhardtopopularizeland-savingtechnologiesandmodels. Driventhegreendevelopmentoftheminingindustryandintensifiedeffortstodevelopeco-friendlyminesbyestablishingandimplementingindexmanagementsystemsfortheminimumexploitationanduseofmineralresourcesandfortheevaluationof "Frontrunners". Ithasreleased 360 advancedandapplicabletechnologiesfortheconservationandcomprehensiveuseofmineralresources. Strengthenedregulationandcontrolovertheuseofmarineresourcesandprohibitedallcoastalreclamationactivitiesexceptthoseformajornationalprojects. Promotedtheprotectionandrestorationofecosystemsinareaswithproblemscarriedoverfromreclamationactivitiesofthepastandstrictlyprotectednaturalshorelines.
推动自然资源节约集约利用。为推进生态文明建设，中国把坚持节约资源和保护环境作为一项基本国策。大力节约集约利用资源，推动资源利用方式根本转变，深化增量安排与消化存量挂钩机制，改革土地计划管理方式，倒逼各省（区、市）下大力气盘活存量。严格土地使用标准控制，先后组织开展了公路、工业、光伏、机场等用地标准的制修订工作，严格依据标准审核建设项目土地使用情况。开展节约集约用地考核评价，大力推广节地技术和节地模式。积极推动矿业绿色发展。加大绿色矿山建设力度，全面建立和实施矿产资源开采利用最低指标和“领跑者”指标管理制度，发布360项矿产资源节约和综合利用先进适用技术。加强海洋资源用途管制，除国家重大项目外，全面禁止围填海。积极推进围填海历史遗留问题区域生态保护修复，严格保护自然岸线。
Activelyexploringnew, low-carbonmodelsofdevelopment. Chinahasactivelyexploredlow-carbonmodelsofdevelopment. Ithasencouragedlocalgovernments, industries, andenterprisestoexplorelow-carbonpathstodevelopmentbasedontheirindividualconditions, andlaunchedpilotsanddemonstrationsongreenandlow-carbondevelopmentinfieldssuchasenergy, industry, construction, andtransport, thusshapingabasiccomprehensiveandmulti-tieredsystemforlow-carbonpiloting. Ithaslaunchedlow-carbonpilotsin 10 provincial-levelunitsand 77 cities, andexploredlow-carbonmodelsofdevelopmentandinstitutionalinnovationsinrespectsincludingorganizationalleadership, supportpolicies, marketmechanisms, statisticalsystems, evaluationandassessment, coordinationanddemonstration, andcooperationandexchanges. Thecarbonintensityofthesepilotareashasfallenfasterthanthenationalaverage, andanumberoflow-carbonmodelsofdevelopmentwithdistinctivefeatureshaveemerged.
积极探索低碳发展新模式。中国积极探索低碳发展模式，鼓励地方、行业、企业因地制宜探索低碳发展路径，在能源、工业、建筑、交通等领域开展绿色低碳相关试点示范，初步形成了全方位、多层次的低碳试点体系。中国先后在10个省（市）和77个城市开展低碳试点工作，在组织领导、配套政策、市场机制、统计体系、评价考核、协同示范和合作交流等方面探索低碳发展模式和制度创新。试点地区碳排放强度下降幅度总体快于全国平均水平，形成了一批各具特色的低碳发展模式。