PartIIIReadingComprehension(40 minutes)

SectionA

Directions:Inthissection, thereisapassagewithtenblanks. Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage. Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices. Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter. PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2 withasinglelinethroughthecentre. Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.

Thepersistenthazeovermanyofourcitiesisareminderofthepollutedairthatwebreathe. Over80% oftheworld'surbanpopulationisbreathingairthatfailstomeetWorldHealthOrganisationguidelines, andanestimated4.5 millionpeopledied__26__ fromoutdoorairpollutionin2015.

Globally, urbanpopulationsareexpectedtodoubleinthenext40 years, andanextra2 billionpeoplewillneednewplacestolive, aswellasservicesandwaystomovearoundtheircities. Whatismoreimportant, thedecisionsthatwemakenowaboutthedesignofourcitieswill__27__ theeverydaylivesandhealthofthecominggenerations. Sowhatwouldasmug-free, oratleastlow-pollution, citybelike?

Traffichasbecome__28__ withairpollution, andmanycountriesintendtobanthesaleofnewpetrolanddieselcarsinthenexttwodecades. Butsimply__29__ toelectriccanwillnotmeanpollution-freecities. Thelevelofemissionstheycausewilldependonhowtheelectricitytorunthemis__30__, whilebrakes, tyresandtoadsallcreatetinyairborne__31__ astheywearout.

Acrossthedevelopedworld, earuseisindeclineasmorepeoplemovetocitycenters, whileyoungpeopleespeciallyare__32__ forothermeansoftravel. Researchersarealreadyaskingifmotorvehicleusehasreachedits__33__ andwilldecline, buttransportplannershaveyettocatchupwiththis__34__, insteadoflayingnewroadstotackletrafficjams. AsusersofLondon'sorbitalM25 motorwaywillknow, newroadsrapidlyfillwithmoretraffic. IntheUS, studieshaveshownthatdoublingthesizeofaroadcan__35__ doublethetraffic, takingusbacktothestartingpoint.

A) altemateB) crownC) determineD) generatedE) locatingF) mergedG) miniaturesH) optingI) particlesJ) peakK) prematurelyL) simplyM) swichingN) synonymousO) trend

SectionB

Directions:Inthissection, youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit. Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs. Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived. Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce. Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter. AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.

HowMuchProteinDoYouReallyNeed?

A) Themarketingistempting: Getstrongermusclesandhealthierbodieswithminimaleffortbyaddingproteinpowdertoyourmorningshakeorjuicedrink. Orgrabaproteinbaratlunchorforaquicksnack. Today, youcanfindproteinsupplementseverywhere-- onlineoratthepharmacy, grocerystoreorhealthfoodstore. Theycomeinpowders, pillsandbars. Withmorethan$12 billioninsalesthisyear, theindustryisboomingand, accordingtothemarketresearchcompany, GrandViewResearch, isontracktosellbillionsmoreby2025. Butdowereallyneedallthissupplementalprotein? Itdepends. Therearepros, consandsomeotherthingstoconsider.

B) Forstarters, proteiniscriticalforeverycellinourbody. Ithelpsbuildnails, hair, bonesandmuscles. Itcanalsohelpyoufeelfullerlongerthaneatingfoodswithoutprotein. And, unlikenutrientsthatarefoundonlyinfewfoods, proteinispresentinallfoods. "ThetypicalAmericandietisalothigherinproteinthanalotofusthink," saysregistereddietitianAngelaPipitone. "'It'sinfoodsmanyofusexpect, suchasbeef, chickenandothertypesofmeatanddairy. Butit'salsoinfoodsthatmaynotcomeimmediatelytomindlikevegetables, fruit, beansandgrains."

C) TheU.S. government'srecommendeddailyallowance(RDA) fortheaverageadultis50 to60 gramofproteinaday. Thismaysoundlikealot, butPipitonesays: "Wegetbitsofproteinhereandthereandthatreallyaddsupthroughouttheday." Take, forexample. breakfast. Ifyoueattwoeggstoppedwithalittlebitofcheeseandanorangeontheside, youalreadyhave22 gramsofprotein. Eachegggivesyou7 grams, thecheesegivesyouabout6 gramsandtheorange-- about2 grams. Addalunchofchicken, riceandbroccoli(西兰花), andyouarealreadyovertherecommended50 grams. "YoucangetenoughproteinandmeettheRDAbeforeyouevengettodinner," saysPipitone.

D) Soifit'ssoeasytogetyourproteininfood, whyaddmoreintheformofpowders, snackbarsoraboostatyourlocaljuicebar? Noneedto, saysPipitone, because, infact, mostofusalreadygetenoughproteininourdiet. "Wholefoodsarealwaysthebestoptionratherthanaddingsupplements," thesays, notingtheFDAdoesnotregulatesupplementsasrigorouslyasfoodsordrugs. Sotherecouldbelessprotein, moresugarandsomeadditivesyouwouldn'texpect, suchascaffeine(咖啡因).

E) Ifyouareconsideringasupplement, readthelistofingredients, shesays, althoughthisisnotalwaysreliable. "I'veseenveryexpensiveproteinsupplementsthatclaimtobehighqualitybuttheymightnotreallybebeneficialfortheaveragehealthyadult," shesays. "Itcouldjustbeawasteofmoney.

F) Buttherearecertainsituationsthatdowarrantextraprotein. "Anytimeyou'rerepairingorbuildingmuscle." Pipitonesays, suchasifyou'reanextremeenduranceathlete, trainingforamarathon, oryou'reabodybuilder. Ifyou'remoderatelyexercisingfor150 minutesaweek, astheCentersforDiseaseControlandPreventionrecommends, orlessthanthat, you'reprobablynotanextremeathlete. Extremeathletesexpendlotsofenergybreakingdownandrepairingandbuildingmuscles. Proteincangivethemtheedgetheyneedtospeedthatprocess.

G) Veganscanbenefitfromproteinsupplementssincetheydonoteatanimal-basedproteinsourceslikemeat, dairyoreggs. And, forsomeonealwayson-the-gowhomaynothavetimeforameal, aproteinsnackbarcanbeagoodoptionforoccasionalmealreplacement. Also, individualsrecoveringfromsurgeryoraninjurycanalsobenefitfromextraprotein. So, too, canolderpeople. Ataroundage60, "musclesreallystarttobreakdown," saysKathrynStarr, anagingresearcher, "andbecauseofthat, theproteinneedsofanolderadultactuallyincrease.

H) Infact, alongwithhercolleagueConnieBales. Starrrecentlyconductedasmallstudythatfoundthataddingextraproteinfoodstothedietofobeseolderindividualswhoweretryingtoloseweightstrengthenedtheirmuscles. Participantsinthestudywereseparatedintotwogroups-- onegroupwasaskedtoeat30 gramsofproteinpermealintheformofwholefoods. Thatmeanttheywereeating90 gramsofproteinaday. Theothergroup-- thecontrolgroup-- wasputonatypicallow-caloriedietwithabout50 to60 gramsofproteinaday. Aftersixmonths, researchersfoundthehighproteingrouphadsignificantlyimprovedtheirmusclefunction-- almosttwiceasmuchasthecontrolgroup. "Theywereabletowalkfaster, hadimprovedbalance, andwerealsoabletogetupoutofachairfasterthanthecontrolgroup." Starrsays. All67 participantswereover60 yearsofage, andbothgroupslostaboutthesameamountofweight.

I) Starrisrowlookingintowhetherhigh-proteindietsalsoimprovethequalityofthemuscleitselfinseniors. She'susingCTscanstomeasuremusclesizeandfat, andcomparingseniorsonahigh-proteindietwiththoseonregulardiets. Shesaysherfindingsshouldbeavailableinacoupleofmonths.

J) Inthemeantime, 70-year-oldCorlissKeith, whowasinthehighproteingroupinStarrslateststudy, saysthefeelsabigdifference. "Ifeelexcellent," shesays. "IfeellikeIhaveadifferentbody. Ihavemoreenergy. I'mstronger." ShesayssheisabletotakeZumbaexerciseclassesthreetimesaweek, workoutonthetreadmill(跑步机), andtakelong, briskwalks. Keithalsolostmorethan15 pounds. "I'mafashionableperson, sonowI'mbackinmy3-inchheels," shesays.

K) Aspeopleage, Starrsaysmusclestrengthiskeytohelpingthemstaystrongandcontinuelivingontheirownintheirownhome. "Ifeelverymuchalivenow," saysKeith. "IfeellikeIcouldstaybymyselfuntilI'm100."

L) Batcanpeopleoverdoprotein? Pipitonesaysyoudohavetobecareful. Otherresearcherssaytoomuchproteincancausecramps(痉挛), headaches, andfatigue. Dehydration(脱水) isalsoariskwhenyoueattoomuchprotein. Pipitonesaysifyouincreaseprotein, youalsohavetoincreaseyourfluidintake. "Ialwaystellpeopletomakesurethey'redrinkingenoughfluids," whichfortheaveragepersonis60 to70 ouncesaday, whichtranslatesintoeight8-ounceglassesofwaterorliquidperday.

M) Therehavebeensomeindicationsthatextraproteinmakesthekidneysworkharder, whichcouldbeproblematicforindividualswithahistoryofkidneydiseaseandforthem, thesupplementsmayincreasetheriskofkidneystones, thesays.

N) Bottomline, ifyouthinkyouneedmoreproteininyourdiet, considerthesequestions: Areyouanextremeathlete; areyourecoveringfrominjuryorsurgery; orareyou60 yearsorolder? Ifso, addinghighproteinfoodslikeeggsandmeatproductstoyourdietcanbebeneficial. And, ifyou'renotsure, inisalwaysagoodideatocheckwithyourprimarycareprovider.

36. Itisquiteeasyforonetotakeintherecommendedamountofprotein.
37. Pipitoneclaimsthathealthyadultsneednotspendmoneyonproteinsupplements.
38. Theproteinsupplementbusinessisfoundtobethriving.
39. Proteincanspeedtherepairingofdamagedmuscles.
40. Proteinsupplementsmayoverburdensomeinternalorgan, thusleadingtoitsmalfunctioning.
41. Olderadultsneedtotakeinmoreproteintokeeptheirmusclesstrong.
42. Proteinisfoundinmorefoodsthanpeoplemightrealize.
43. Additionalproteinwasfoundtohelpstrengthenthemusclesofoverweightseniorsseekingweightloss.
44. Pipitonebelievesthatwholefoodsprovidethebestsourceofprotein.
45. Peopleareadvisedtodrinkmoreliquidwhentheytakeinmoreprotein.

SectionC

Directions:Thereare2 passagesinthissection. Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements. ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA), B), C) andD). YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2 withasinglelinethroughthecentre.

PassageOne

Questions46 to50 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Lastyear, achildwasbornatahospitalintheUKwithherheartoutsideherbody. Fewbabiessurvivethisrarecondition, andthosewhodomustendurenumerousoperationsandarelikelytohavecomplexneeds. Whenhermotherwasinterviewed, threeweeksafterherdaughter'sbirth, shewasaskedifshewaspreparedforwhatmightbeadaunting(令人生畏的) taskcaringforher. Sheansweredwithouthesitationthat, asfarasshewasconcerned, thiswouldbea"privilege".

Rarelyhastherebeenabetterexampleofthepowerofattitude, oneofourmostpowerfulpsychologicaltools. Ourattitudesallowustoturnmistakesintoopportunities, andlossintothechancefornewbeginnings. Anattitudeisasettledwayofthinking, feelingand/orbehavingtowardsparticularobjects, people, eventsorideologies. Weuseourattitudestofilter, interpretandreacttotheworldaroundus. Youweren'tbornwithattitudes, rathertheyarealllearned, andthishappensinanumberofways.

Themostpowerfulinfluencesoccurduringearlychildhoodandincludebothwhathappenedtoyoudirectly, andwhatthosearoundyoudidandsaidinyourpresence. Asyouacquireadistinctiveidentity, yourattitudesarefurtherrefinedbythebehaviorofthosewithwhomyouidentify-- yourfamily, thoseofyourgenderandculture, andthepeopleyouadmire, eventhoughyoumaynotknowthempersonally. Friendshipsandotherimportantrelationshipsbecomeincreasinglyimportant, particularlyduringadolescence. Aboutthatsametimeandthroughoutadulthood, theinformationyoureceive, especiallywhenideasarerepeatedinassociationwithgoalsandachievementsyoufindattractive, alsorefinesyourattitudes.

Manypeopleassumethatourattitudesareinternallyconsistent, thatis, thewayyouthinkandfeelaboutsomeoneorsomethingpredictsyourbehaviortowardsthem. However, maystudieshavefoundthatfeelingsandthoughtsdon'tnecessarilypredictbehavior. Ingeneral, yourattitudeswillbeinternallyconsistentonlywhenthebehavioriseasy, andwhenthosearoundyouholdsimilarbeliefs. That'swhy, forexample, maysaytheybelieveinthebenefitsofrecyclingorexercise, butdon'tbehaveinlinewiththeirviews, becauseittakesawareness, effortandcouragetogobeyondmerelystatingthatyoubelievesomethingisagoodidea.

Oneofthemosteffectivewaystochangeanattitudeistostartbehavingasifyoualreadyfeelandthinkthewayyou'dpreferto. Takesometimetoreflectonyourattitudes, tothinkaboutwhatyoubelieveandwhy. Isthereanythingyouconsideraburdenratherthanaprivilege? Itso, startbehaving-- rightnow-- asifthelatteristhecase.

46. Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutattitude?
A) Itshapesourbeliefsandideologies.
B) Itimprovesourpsychologicalwellbeing.
C) Itdetermineshowwerespondtoourimmediateenvironment.
D) Itchangesthewaywethink, feelandinteractwithoneanother.
47. Whatcancontributetotherefinementofone'sattitude, accordingtothepassage?
A) Theiridols'behaviors.
B) Theireducationallevel.
C) Theircontactwiththeoppositegender.
D) Theirinteractionwithdifferentcultures.
48. Whatdomanystudiesfindaboutpeople'sfeelingsandthoughts?
A) Theymaynotsuggesthowapersonisgoingtobehave.
B) Theyareinawayconsistentwithaperson'smentality.
C) Theymaynotfindexpressionininterpersonalrelations.
D) Theyareinlinewithaperson'sbehaviornomatterwhat.
49. Howcomemanypeopledon'tdowhattheybelieveisgood?
A) Theycan'taffordthetime.
B) Theyhavenoideahowto.
C) Theyarehypocritical.
D) Theylackwillpower.
50. Whatisproposedasastrategytochangeattitude?
A) Changingthingsthatrequireone'simmediateattention.
B) Startingtoactinawaythatembodiesone'saspirations.
C) Adjustingone'sbehaviorgraduallyoveraperiodoftime.
D) Consideringwaysofreducingone'spsychologicalburdens.

PassageTwo

Questions51 to55 arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Industrialfishingforkrill(磷虾) intheunspoiltwatersaroundAntarcticaisthreateningthefutureofoneoftheworld'slastgreatwildernesses, accordingtoanewreport.

ThestudybyGreenpeaceanalysedthemovementsofkrillfishingvesselsintheregionandfoundtheywereincreasinglyoperating"intheimmediatevicinityofpenguincoloniesandwhalefeedinggrounds". Italsohighlightsincidentsoffishingboatsbeinginvolvedingroundings, oilspillsandaccidents, whichposedaseriousthreattotheAntarcticecosystem.

Thereport, publishedonTuesday, comesamidgrowingconcernabouttheimpactoffishing. andclimatechangeontheAntarctic. AglobalcampaignhasbeenlaunchedtocreateanetworkofoceansanctuariestoprotecttheseasintheregionandGreenpeaceiscallingforanimmediatehalttofishinginareasbeingconsideredforsanctuarystatus.

FridaBengtssonfromGreenpeace'sProtecttheAntarcticcampaignsaid: "Ifthekrillindustrywantstoshowit'saresponsibleplayer, thenitshouldbevoluntarilygettingoutofanyareawhichisbeingproposedasanoceansanctuary, andshouldinsteadbebackingtheprotectionofthesehugetractsoftheAntarctic."

AglobalcampaignhasbeenlaunchedtoturnahugetractofAntarcticseasintooceansanctuaries, protectingwildlifeandbanningnotjustkrillfishing, butallfishing. OnewascreatedintheRossSeain2016, anotherreserveisbeingproposedinavastareaoftheWeddellSea, andathirdsanctuaryisunderconsiderationintheareawestoftheAntarcticPeninsula-- akeykrillfishingarea.

TheCommissionfortheConservationofAntarcticMarineLivingResources(CCAMLR) managestheseasaroundAntarctica. ItwilldecideontheWeddellSeasanctuaryproposalataconferenceinAustraliainOctober, althoughadecisiononthepeninsulasanctuaryisnotexpecteduntillater.
KeithReid, asciencemanageratCCAMLR, saidthattheorganisationsought"abalancebetweenprotection, conservationandsustainablefishingintheSouthernOcean." Hesaidalthoughmorefishingwastakingplacenearerpenguincoloniesitwasoftenhappeninglaterintheseasonwhenthesecolonieswereempty.

"ThecreationofasystemofmarineprotectedareasisakeypartofongoingscientificandpolicydiscussionsinCCAMLR," headded. "Ourlong-termoperationintheregiondependsonahealthyandthrivingAntarcticmarineecosystem, whichiswhywehavealwayshadanopendialoguewiththeenvironmentalnon-governmentalorganisations. Westronglyintendtocontinuethisdialogue, includingtalkswithGreenpeace, todiscussimprovementsbasedonthelatestscientificdata. Wearenottheonestodecideontheestablishmentofmarineprotectedareas, butwehopetocontributepositivelywithourknowledgeandexperience."

51. WhatdoesGreenpeace'sstudyfindaboutkrillfishing?
A) Itcausedagreatmanypenguinsandwhalestomigrate.
B) Itwasdeprivingpenguinsandwhalesoftheirhabitats.
C) Itwascarriedouttooclosetothehabitatsofpenguinsandwhales.
D) ItposedanunprecedentedthreattothewildlifearoundAntarctica.
52. Forwhatpurposehasaglobalcampaignbeenlaunched?
A) ToreducetheimpactofclimatechangeonAntarctica.
B) ToestablishconservationareasintheAntarcticregion.
C) ToregulatekrillfishingoperationsintheAntarcticseas.
D) Topublicisetheconcernabouttheimpactofkrillfishing.
53. WhatisGreenpeace'srecommendationtothekrillindustry?
A) Optingtooperateawayfromthesuggestedconservationareas.
B) VolunteeringtoprotecttheendangeredspeciesintheAntarctic.
C) Refrainingfromkrillfishingthroughoutthebreedingseason.
D) Showingitssenseofresponsibilitybyleadingtheglobalcampaign.
54. WhatdidCCAMLRaimtodoaccordingtoitssciencemanager?
A) RaisepublicawarenessofthevulnerabilityofAntarcticspecies.
B) BanallcommercialfishingoperationsintheSouthernOcean.
C) Keepthepenguincoloniesfromallfishinginterference.
D) SustainfishingwithoutdamagingtheAntarcticecosystem.
55. HowdoesCCAMLRdefineitsroleintheconservationoftheAntarcticenvironment?
A) Acoordinatorinpolicydiscussions.
B) Anauthorityonbigdataanalysis.
C) Aprovideroftheneededexpertise.
D) Aninitiatorofmarinesanctuaries.