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Inthe19thcentury, thereusedtobeamodelofhowtobeagoodperson. Thereareallthesetorrentsofpassionflowingthroughyou. Yourjob, ascaptainofyoursoul, istoerectdamstokeepthesepassionsincheck. Yourjobistojustsaynotolaziness, lust, greed, druguseandtheothersins.

Thesedaysthatmodelisoutoffashion. Youusuallycan'tchangeyourbehaviourbysimplyresolvingtodosomething. Knowingwhattodoisnotthesameasbeingabletodoit. Yourwillpowerisnotlikeadamthatcanblockthetorrentofself-indulgence. It'smorelikeamuscle, whichtireseasily. Moreover, you'reasocialbeing. Ifeverybodyaroundyouisovereating, you'llprobablydoso, too.

The19th-centurycharactermodelwasbasedonanunderstandingoffreewill. Today, weknowthatfreewillisbounded. Peoplecanchangetheirlives, butorderingchangeisnotsimplebecausemanythings, evenwithinourselves, arebeyondourdirectcontrol.

Muchofourbehaviour, forexample, isguidedbyunconscioushabits. ResearchersatDukeUniversitycalculatedthatmorethan40 percentoftheactionswetakearegovernedbyhabit, notactualdecisions. Researchershavealsocometounderstandthestructureofhabits—cue, routine, reward.

Youcanchangeyourownpersonalhabits. Ifyouleaverunningshortsontheflooratnight, that'llbeacuetogorunninginthemorning. Don'ttrytoignoreyourafternoonsnackcraving. Everytimeyoufeelthecueforasnack, insertanotherroutine. Takeawalk.

Theirresearchthusimpliesadifferentcharactermodel, whichissupposedtomanipulatetheneural（神经系统的）networksinside.

Tobeaneffectiveperson, underthismodel, youaresupposedtocoollyexamineyourownunconscioushabits, andthehabitsofthoseunderyourcare. Youaresupposedtodevisestrategiestoalterthecuesandroutines. Everyrelationshipbecomesslightlymanipulative, includingyourrelationshipwithyourself. You'retryingtoarousecertainresponsesbyimplantingcertaincues.

Thisisabitdisturbing, becausetheimportanthabitualneuralnetworksarenotformedbymereroutine, norcantheybereversedbyclevercues. Theyareburnedinbyemotionandstrengthenedbystrongyearnings, liketheyearningsforadmirationandrighteousness.

Ifyouthinkyoucanchangeyourlifeinacleverway, thewayanadvertisercangetyoutobuyanairfreshener, you'reprobablywrong. AstheVictoriansunderstood, ifyouwanttochangeyourlife, don'tjustlookforaclevercue. Committosomelargerglobalbelief.

96. Whichofthefollowingisakeyelementinthe19th-centurycharactermodel?
　　A. Passion.
　　B. Action.
　　C. Capability.
　　D. Determination.

97. The19th-centurymodelsupposedlydoesnotworkbecause
　　A. thereweremanyotherfactorsbeyondone'scontrol.
　　B. ithasworkedunsatisfactorilymostofthetime.
　　C. thecomparisonoffreewilltoadamisgroundless.
　　D. whatonewishestodoshouldbeconsideredcarefully.

98. WhatisthemainimplicationoftheresearchatDukeUniversity?
　　A. Habitiskeytoone'sbehaviour.
　　B. One'sbehaviourisdifficulttochange.
　　C. Bothhabitandwillpowerareimportant.
　　D. Habithasanunidentifiedstructure.

99. Accordingtothenewcharactermodel, personalbehaviourcouldbealteredthrough
　　A. cuestostopalltheformerunconscioushabits.
　　B. cuestomanipulatethehabitualneuralresponses.
　　C. techniquestodevisedifferentphysicalcues.
　　D. techniquestosupplementoldroutines.

100. Welearnfromthepassagethatthenewcharactermodel
　　A. stressestheneuralandpsychologicalaspectsofhabitchange.
　　B. canbringaboutchangesinone'slifelikewhatadvertisersdo.
　　C. hasbeenusedtochangebehavioursuccessfully.
　　D. dealsbetterwithemotionalaspectsofbehaviour.