内画壶《百子图》
SnuffBottleswithPicturesInside
鄢钢
YanGang
内画壶是鼻烟壶的一种。内画技艺起源于北京。相传清朝道光年间（1821-1850年），北京有一个破落文人，嗜好鼻烟，无钱购买时就用竹签刮烟壶壁上的烟油代替，久而久之，烟壶壁上一道道纹痕纵横交错，俨然如画，引起了民间艺人的兴趣，他们开始在烟壶的内壁上作画。最早的内画壶，画面简单粗糙。到了光绪年间( 1875-1908年)，技艺日趋成熟，烟壶的内壁先经过磨砂，然后再将竹签或毛笔伸入壶内，采用反画技法，把图案画在壶壁上，奇异又雅致。
TheartofdecoratingsnuffbottlesfromtheinsideoriginatedinBeijing. ThestorygoesthatintheQingDynastyduringthereignofDaoGuang (1821-1850),animpoverishedscholarwasaddictedtosnuff. Torelievehiscravingforthepowderedtobacco, hescrapedhissnuffbottlefromtheinsidewithabambooslip. Graduallythemarksleftontheinnerwallofthebottlemadeapicture, catchingthefancyoffolkartists. Theartofdrawingpicturesinsidesnuffbottleswasthuscreatedandpopularized. Inthebeginningthepicturesweresimpleandroughlydrawn. ButbythereignofGuangXu (1875-1908),thearthadbeenperfected: Artistsmadedelicatedrawingswithbambooslipsorcalligraphybrushesonthebottles'polishedinnerwalls.
我国的内画技艺主要分为京派、冀派、鲁派三大派。工艺美术家王习三是冀派的代表人物。1957年，他向著名内画艺术家叶晓峰和叶小三学艺，在师承的基础上，兼收各家之长，将传统的勾竹、木笔和勾毛笔结合并用，形成自己的风格。他突破内画壶只表现传说故事中的人物和花草的局限，创作出《猫蝶图》，描绘一只小猫和落在尾巴上的蝴蝶嬉戏的逗人情景，形象自然，妙趣横生，他还把绘画和书法融为一体，打破了内画艺术的呆板形式。近年来，他又吸收西洋画溪。运用油画技法在内画壶上创作人物肖像，达到相当完美的境界。他的作品赢得国内外的赞赏。内画壶《双猿图》曾获1980年第12届国际烟壶协会优秀奖；《溥仪和婉容肖像》被第13届国际烟壶协会评为最优秀奖；《美国历届总统像》荣获1985年中国工艺美术珍品奖。
Today, snuff-bofflepicturesfallintothreedifferentcategories-theJing(Beijing), Ji (Hebei) andLu (Shandong). WangXisan'sartisrepresentativeoftheJischool. In 1957 WangstudiedunderthefamousartistsYeXiaofengandYeXiaosan. Hefurtherdevelopedtheartbyabsorbingthegoodpointsofdifferentschoolsandusingthetraditionaltools, bambooandwoodslips,aswellaswritingbrushes. Finallyhecreatedastyleofhisown. Traditionally,snuff-bottlethemeswereconfinedtocharactersfromfolktalesorflowersandgrasses. WangXisanmadeabreakthroughbyportrayingakittenplayingwithabutterflyonitstail, apicturefullofwitandhumour. WangXisanwasalsothefirsttousecalligraphyonsnuffbottlepictures. Inrecentyearshisbottledrawings, usingtechniquesborrowedfromWesternoilpainting,havebeenpraisedinChinaandabroad. HispictureTwoMonkeyswasawardedaprizeforexcellencebythe 12thInternationalSnuffBottleArtists'Associa-tionin 1980. PuYiandWanRongwasappraisedasthebestworkbythe 13thIntemationalSnuffBottleArtists'Assoaationandin 1985 AmericanPresidentswonrecognitionasauniquepieceofChineseart.
内画壶《百子图》是王习三的代表作之一。作品以河北南皮县出土的清代水晶壶作胎，壶高八厘米，直径七厘米。他运用彩墨画和油画技法，刻画100个天真活泼的儿童，在天高气爽的秋日，三五成群地聚集在屋前树下，或聚精会神地研究地震仪，或兴致勃勃地下棋，或神采飞扬地探讨诗艺画法，或攀树嬉闹。作品优美生动，细致入微，被国家列为工艺美术佳品珍藏。
AHundredChildren, anothermasterpiecebyWangXisanwaspaintedonabottle 8cmhighand 7cmindiameter, whichwasmodeledonacrystalbottlefromtheQingDynastyunearthedinNanpiCounty, HebeiProvince. ByusingacombinationofChineseinkstylesandwesternoil, Wangvividlyportrayedonehundredinnocentandlivelychildren, someclusteredunderatree, othersstudyingaseismographorplayingchess, andyetothersdiscussingpoemsandpaintingorclimbingtrees. Thissnuffbottlehasbeenlistedasoneofthestate'sbestworksofart.
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