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Anger
怒
LiangShih-chiu
梁实秋
Apersonlookshisugliestwhenangry. Inanger, afacethatisnormallyasbeautifulasalotusblossomwilltunlividandpale, evenashen. This, plusthecontortedmusclesonhisface, hisstaringeyesandbristlinghair, willindeedmakeaperson’scountenancemorethanrepulsive. Asthesayinggoes, “Whenangerrisesintheheart, evilintentisboundtostart.” Angerbringsaboutachangethatisbothpsychologicalandphysiological. Veryfewpeoplecancontroltheirtemperswhentheirpurposesarecrossed. Youngpeoplearepronetoangerandonecrosswordisenoughtostartaquarrel. However, manyelderlypeoplearejustasirascibleandtouchy.
一个人在发怒的时候，最难看。纵然他平素面似莲花，一旦怒而变青变白，甚至面色如土，再加上满脸的筋肉扭曲，眦裂发指，那副面目实在不仅是可憎而已。俗语说，“怒从心上起，恶向胆边生”，怒是心理的也是生理的一种变化。人逢不如意事，很少不勃然变色的。年少气盛，一言不合，怒气相加，但是许多年事已长的人，往往一样的火发暴躁。
Ihadanolderrelativebymarriagewhowasovereightyandhemiplegic. Hehadthehabitofreadingnewspapersinthemorning. Eachdayhewouldputonhisglassesandlayoutthenewspapersbeforehim. Momentslater, hewouldbepoundingthetable, fumingwithrageandlettinglooseatorrentofabuse. Hedidnotlikewhathereadinthenewspapers. Hecouldnotdowithoutthenewspapers, buttheyonlymadehimangry. Atsuchanhour, everyoneinhisfamilywouldstayoutofhissightandnobodywantedtobecaughtbyhisragewhich, likeathunderstorm, wouldgoasquicklyasithadcome.
我有一位姻长，已到杖朝之年，并且半身瘫痪，每晨必阅报纸，戴上老花镜，打开报纸，不久就要把桌子拍得山响，吹胡瞪眼，破口大骂。报上的记载，他看不顺眼。不看不行，看了呕气。这时候大家躲他远远的，谁也不愿逢彼之怒。过一阵雨过天晴，他的怒气消了。
AccordingtotheBookofPoems,1 “Whentherulershowshisanger, therebellionofhissubjectswillquicklystop; whentherulercreatespublicwell-being, therebellionofhissubjectswillquicklyend.” Thismeansthat, inafitofanger, apersoninpowercancrusharebellionandcausethingstoreturntonormal. Forordinarypeople, however, itwillbebetteriftheykeeptheirtemperundercontrolandavoidgettingintotrouble. Apersoninafurylosescountlessbloodcellsinhisbodyandcausesasharpriseinhisbloodpressure. Inshort, angerisbadforaperson’shealth. Worsestill, whenhisbloodboilswithrage, hismindbecomesmuddled, andheislikelytospeakoractoutofline, causinginjurytohimselfaswellasothers. “Countthenumberofdaysinwhichyoudidnotgetangry,” saysEpictetus, theGreekphilosopher. “Inthepast, Iusedtogetangryeveryday; sometimesIgotangryeveryotherday; lateron, Igotangryonceeverythreeorfourdays. Ifyouhavenotbeenangryforthirtydaysatastretch, youshouldmakeofferingstothegodstoexpressyourgratitude.”
诗云：“君子如怒，乱庶遄沮；君子如祉，乱庶遄已。”这是说有地位的人，赫然震怒，就可以收拨乱反正之效。一般人还是以少发脾气少惹麻烦为上。盛怒之下，体内血球不知道要伤损多少，血压不知道要升高几许，总之是不卫生。而且血气沸腾之际，理智不大清醒，言行容易逾分，于人于己都不相宜。希腊哲学家哀皮克蒂特斯说：“计算一下你有多少天不曾生气。在从前，我每天生气；有时每隔一天生气一次；后来每隔三四天生气一次；如果你一连三十天没有生气，就应该向上帝献祭表示感谢。”
Adecreaseinthenumberofsuchoutbreaksisaresultofself-discipline. Themethodofself-disciplineisveryhardtoexplain. “Whenyouareangryatsomeoneelse’sshamelessness,” saysMarcusAureliusofRome, anotherstoicphilosopher, “youshouldaskyourself, ‘Canthatshamelesspersonnotexistinthisworld?’ Thatisimpossible. Donotdemandwhatisimpossible.” Thisdoesnotmeanthatweneednotimposesanctionsonabadperson; itonlymeansthatweneednotgetangry. Ifangercannotbeavoided, itshouldatleastbecontrolledsoasnottobecomeexcessive. TheBuddhistslistKrodha (anger) asoneofthethreepoisons2. Theybelievethat “aheartfullofangercausesgreaterdestructionthanaconflagration” andthatcontrollingangerisoneofthebasicrequirementsofself-cultivation. AccordingtotheBookofYandanZi,3 “thefaceofablood-bravepersonturnsredinanger; thefaceofavein-bravepersonturnspurpleinanger; thefaceofabone-bravepersonturnspaleinanger; thefaceofamind-bravepersondoesnotchangecolorinanger.” Ithinkthatapersoncanbecome “mind-brave” onlythroughextremeausterityandself-cultivation. Apersonbornwithafacethatwillbetraynoemotionsis, indeed, exceptionallyendowed.
减少生气的次数便是修养的结果。修养的方法，说起来好难。另一位同属于斯多亚派的哲学家罗马的玛可斯·奥瑞利阿斯这样说：“你因为一个人的无耻而愤怒的时候，要这样地问你自己：‘那个无耻的人能不在这世界存在么？那是不能的。不可能的事不必要求。’”坏人不是不需要制裁，只是我们不必愤怒。如果非愤怒不可，也要控制那愤怒，使发而中节。佛家把“嗔”列为三毒之一，“嗔心甚于猛火”，克服嗔恚是修持的基本功夫之一。燕丹子说：“血勇之人，怒而面赤；脉勇之人，怒而面青；骨勇之人，怒而面白；神勇之人，怒而色不变。”我想那神勇是从苦行修炼中得来的。生而喜怒不形于色，那天赋实在太厚了。
IntheearlyyearsoftheQingdynasty, awriternamedLiFupublishedacollectionofhisessaysunderthegeneraltitleofMutangLeigao. Inoneoftheessays, entitled “TheStoryoftheHousewithoutAnger”, hesaid, “ThoughIamoverforty, Ihavenotyetlearnedtocontrolmyemotions, norhaveIsucceededinchangingmytemperament. Imademistakesduetoangerand, despitemyrepentance, Isoonbecameangryagain. ForfearthatIwillremainanirasciblepersontotheend, Ihavenamedmyhomethe ‘HousewithoutAnger’.” Itisanexcellentessayand, truetohischaracterasascholar, itclearlyexpressestheauthor’sfearofandvigilanceagainstanger.
清朝初叶有一位李绂，著《穆堂类稿》，内有一篇《无怒轩记》，他说：“吾年逾四十，无涵养性情之学，无变化气质之功，因怒得过，旋悔旋犯，惧终于忿戾而已，因以‘无怒’名轩。”是一篇好文章，而其戒谨恐惧之情溢于言表，不失读书人的本色。
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